Malcolm Gladwell

Interaction Between Personality and Environment A theory that an individual’s behavior is most likely based on factors such as personal convictions, personality, or inherited genes is a common belief in nowadays’ society. This theory seems like reasonable and logical because it is quite natural that a person’s behavior follows his or her characters. Malcolm Gladwell, however, in his essay, â€Å"The Power of Context: Bernie Goetz and the Rise and Fall of New York City Crime,† examines those factors affecting peoples’ behaviors and comes up with his own theory.Gladwell believes that the environmental conditions have the most significant influence on how one behaves. Throughout his essay, he presents a few different studies to help persuade the readers and to substantiate his argument. However, those cases and Gladwell’s theory are quite radical because they are only implied to certain situations, not to all circumstances and criminal cases. Ev en though environmental conditions have a more substantial impact on people’s behaviors, it is the interaction between personality and environment that actually determines the criminal actions.The influence that people’s immediate environment has on them is significant; people are affected by their environmental conditions more than by their previous intention. Gladwell discusses the relationship between environment or situation and an individual’s behavior in the Power of Context; that is, surroundings are closely related to a person’s character, and this theory is well applied when studying the criminals.As Gladwell insists, â€Å"[Broken Windows Theory and the Power of Context] are both based on the premise that an epidemic can be reversed, can be tipped, by tinkering with the smallest details of the immediate environment† (Gladwell 157). The outcome can be a whole different story by a simple and trivial factor. Similar to Broken Windows Theory, if one is at the place, where is dirty and depressed and has relatively high crime rates, one will likely think that violations of law such as throwing away garbage on the road and even committing a serious crime are fairly acceptable.In contrast, even though one was once intended to commit a crime, if one is at the place where is comfortable and tidy, one cannot commit a violent act easily and actually begins to think again about breaking a law. This theory flows into Gladwell’s argument about the Tipping Points that forces people toward violence. Gladwell believes that the little things around people can act as catalysts and significantly change the outcomes of certain situations. As Gladwell notes, â€Å"The Power of Context is an environmental argument.It says that behavior is a function of social context† (Gladwell 159). There has been a similar argument about influence of surroundings in earlier days, but it shows little difference from the claim of Gladwell. Ea rly environmentalism emphasizes the importance of fundamental social factors; crime is the result of social injustice, structural economic inequities, racism, and decades of social neglect (Gladwell 159). However, according to the Power of Context, Tipping Point – the critical point in an evolving situation that leads to an irreversible development – may be as simple and trivial.People do not have to solve the big problems or undertake some heroic steps to decrease a crime rate. All they need to do is scrubbing off graffiti and arresting fare-beaters. An individual’s personality or character also plays an important role in decision-making. Although environmental conditions can greatly affect individual’s action more than anything, their characters may also become a significant factor that determines violent behaviors.Personal convictions, experiences, and even genes can affect disposing individuals to crime. As Gladwell reveals, â€Å"All of those theori es are essentially ways of saying that the criminal is a personality type – a personality type distinguished by an insensitivity to the norms of normal society †¦ People who aren’t taught right from wrong are oblivious to what is and what is not appropriate behavior† (Gladwell 159). Most criminal cases are strongly related to criminals’ personal backgrounds or personal issues.It is quite obvious that people who have not taught what is and what is not right or wrong from their parents or in schools as they grew up are ignorant of illegal or violent actions and more likely commit crimes than educated people. Personality can be built throughout one’s entire life. Whether it is from family, friends, or teachers, the impact of these external forces can influence one’s character significantly. Those external forces may seem like an environmental condition, but the concept is quite different from the environmental factors that Gladwell uses in his argument because they are continuous surroundings.Family, friends, or teachers are usually key components of one’s life, and thus they play a crucial role in shaping one’s personality. Gladwell, in his essay, discusses many aspects of an individual’s character development. As he proposes an example, â€Å"People who grow up poor, fatherless, and buffeted by racism don’t have the same commitment to social norms as those from healthy middle-class homes† (Gladwell 159). This example perfectly demonstrates the idea that personality is shaped by individual’s constant character development and that character can have great influence on his or her decision-making.Those continuously shaped personalities or characters often interact with context in determining an individual’s behavior. Through effective examples of psychological and social experiments, Gladwell stresses his argument of the Power of Context. Interrelationship between person ality and environment eventually determines the individual’s behavior. In the example of the poor, the fatherless, and people suffered by racism committing violent actions, it is not because of either their pure personalities or environmental conditions; interact between both is that forces those people to commit a crime.Poor or fatherless surrounding is obviously the environmental factors, but those factors shape people’s personality throughout their life. As Lillian Rubin, Goetz’s biographer, writes, â€Å"there seems to be something seductive about the setting† (Gladwell 159). The Power of Context reveals that a poor environment leads people to commit violent actions, but people themselves are the one who are motivated to do immoral things. As Gladwell asserts, â€Å"Environmental Tipping Points are things that we can change: we can fix broken windows and clean up graffiti and change the signals that invite crime in the first place† (Gladwell 16 5).Motivations that come from environment, whether they are trivial or significant, force people to commit a crime even more. However, as the quotation insists, those Tipping Points can be changed and fixed easily by people’s little attention and slight changes in the surroundings. Gladwell uses the example of graffiti to support this argument. Even a little motivation such as graffiti in a subway can act as a catalyst that leads people to commit a severe crime because it may stimulate some people with bad experiences of childhood.The effects that environmental conditions have are quite significant, but those situations usually interact with people’s inner minds or personality greatly. People are influenced by the small changes in circumstances and force themselves into committing crimes, but this also means that the rate of crime can be decreased by fixing the slight things that affect people’s behaviors and that force people toward violent actions. Environment al conditions cannot be solid reasons for every crime occurred; personality is closely related to the surroundings when studying the criminal cases.In today’s world, building one’s personality is a multi-layered experience, influenced by environmental conditions. Some people may argue that the influence of immediate environment on decision-making is significant while others claim that personality or character plays a key role in controlling one’s action. However, the interrelationship between personality and environment is the most influential factor that determines one’s all kinds of behaviors. Every person carries pieces of identity that are not identical to other people’s, but even those, in some ways, are influenced by others all the time.Moreover, personality or character is affected not only by other people but also by social structures a person resides within, the family he lives with, and even the media he always faces. Personality can be f lexible depending on the surroundings. Therefore, although environmental conditions have a much more significant influence on people’s actions, the interaction between personality and environment is the one that actually controls how and why people behave in a certain way. Malcolm Gladwell Interaction Between Personality and Environment A theory that an individual’s behavior is most likely based on factors such as personal convictions, personality, or inherited genes is a common belief in nowadays’ society. This theory seems like reasonable and logical because it is quite natural that a person’s behavior follows his or her characters. Malcolm Gladwell, however, in his essay, â€Å"The Power of Context: Bernie Goetz and the Rise and Fall of New York City Crime,† examines those factors affecting peoples’ behaviors and comes up with his own theory.Gladwell believes that the environmental conditions have the most significant influence on how one behaves. Throughout his essay, he presents a few different studies to help persuade the readers and to substantiate his argument. However, those cases and Gladwell’s theory are quite radical because they are only implied to certain situations, not to all circumstances and criminal cases. Ev en though environmental conditions have a more substantial impact on people’s behaviors, it is the interaction between personality and environment that actually determines the criminal actions.The influence that people’s immediate environment has on them is significant; people are affected by their environmental conditions more than by their previous intention. Gladwell discusses the relationship between environment or situation and an individual’s behavior in the Power of Context; that is, surroundings are closely related to a person’s character, and this theory is well applied when studying the criminals.As Gladwell insists, â€Å"[Broken Windows Theory and the Power of Context] are both based on the premise that an epidemic can be reversed, can be tipped, by tinkering with the smallest details of the immediate environment† (Gladwell 157). The outcome can be a whole different story by a simple and trivial factor. Similar to Broken Windows Theory, if one is at the place, where is dirty and depressed and has relatively high crime rates, one will likely think that violations of law such as throwing away garbage on the road and even committing a serious crime are fairly acceptable.In contrast, even though one was once intended to commit a crime, if one is at the place where is comfortable and tidy, one cannot commit a violent act easily and actually begins to think again about breaking a law. This theory flows into Gladwell’s argument about the Tipping Points that forces people toward violence. Gladwell believes that the little things around people can act as catalysts and significantly change the outcomes of certain situations. As Gladwell notes, â€Å"The Power of Context is an environmental argument.It says that behavior is a function of social context† (Gladwell 159). There has been a similar argument about influence of surroundings in earlier days, but it shows little difference from the claim of Gladwell. Ea rly environmentalism emphasizes the importance of fundamental social factors; crime is the result of social injustice, structural economic inequities, racism, and decades of social neglect (Gladwell 159). However, according to the Power of Context, Tipping Point – the critical point in an evolving situation that leads to an irreversible development – may be as simple and trivial.People do not have to solve the big problems or undertake some heroic steps to decrease a crime rate. All they need to do is scrubbing off graffiti and arresting fare-beaters. An individual’s personality or character also plays an important role in decision-making. Although environmental conditions can greatly affect individual’s action more than anything, their characters may also become a significant factor that determines violent behaviors.Personal convictions, experiences, and even genes can affect disposing individuals to crime. As Gladwell reveals, â€Å"All of those theori es are essentially ways of saying that the criminal is a personality type – a personality type distinguished by an insensitivity to the norms of normal society †¦ People who aren’t taught right from wrong are oblivious to what is and what is not appropriate behavior† (Gladwell 159). Most criminal cases are strongly related to criminals’ personal backgrounds or personal issues.It is quite obvious that people who have not taught what is and what is not right or wrong from their parents or in schools as they grew up are ignorant of illegal or violent actions and more likely commit crimes than educated people. Personality can be built throughout one’s entire life. Whether it is from family, friends, or teachers, the impact of these external forces can influence one’s character significantly. Those external forces may seem like an environmental condition, but the concept is quite different from the environmental factors that Gladwell uses in his argument because they are continuous surroundings.Family, friends, or teachers are usually key components of one’s life, and thus they play a crucial role in shaping one’s personality. Gladwell, in his essay, discusses many aspects of an individual’s character development. As he proposes an example, â€Å"People who grow up poor, fatherless, and buffeted by racism don’t have the same commitment to social norms as those from healthy middle-class homes† (Gladwell 159). This example perfectly demonstrates the idea that personality is shaped by individual’s constant character development and that character can have great influence on his or her decision-making.Those continuously shaped personalities or characters often interact with context in determining an individual’s behavior. Through effective examples of psychological and social experiments, Gladwell stresses his argument of the Power of Context. Interrelationship between person ality and environment eventually determines the individual’s behavior. In the example of the poor, the fatherless, and people suffered by racism committing violent actions, it is not because of either their pure personalities or environmental conditions; interact between both is that forces those people to commit a crime.Poor or fatherless surrounding is obviously the environmental factors, but those factors shape people’s personality throughout their life. As Lillian Rubin, Goetz’s biographer, writes, â€Å"there seems to be something seductive about the setting† (Gladwell 159). The Power of Context reveals that a poor environment leads people to commit violent actions, but people themselves are the one who are motivated to do immoral things. As Gladwell asserts, â€Å"Environmental Tipping Points are things that we can change: we can fix broken windows and clean up graffiti and change the signals that invite crime in the first place† (Gladwell 16 5).Motivations that come from environment, whether they are trivial or significant, force people to commit a crime even more. However, as the quotation insists, those Tipping Points can be changed and fixed easily by people’s little attention and slight changes in the surroundings. Gladwell uses the example of graffiti to support this argument. Even a little motivation such as graffiti in a subway can act as a catalyst that leads people to commit a severe crime because it may stimulate some people with bad experiences of childhood.The effects that environmental conditions have are quite significant, but those situations usually interact with people’s inner minds or personality greatly. People are influenced by the small changes in circumstances and force themselves into committing crimes, but this also means that the rate of crime can be decreased by fixing the slight things that affect people’s behaviors and that force people toward violent actions. Environment al conditions cannot be solid reasons for every crime occurred; personality is closely related to the surroundings when studying the criminal cases.In today’s world, building one’s personality is a multi-layered experience, influenced by environmental conditions. Some people may argue that the influence of immediate environment on decision-making is significant while others claim that personality or character plays a key role in controlling one’s action. However, the interrelationship between personality and environment is the most influential factor that determines one’s all kinds of behaviors. Every person carries pieces of identity that are not identical to other people’s, but even those, in some ways, are influenced by others all the time.Moreover, personality or character is affected not only by other people but also by social structures a person resides within, the family he lives with, and even the media he always faces. Personality can be f lexible depending on the surroundings. Therefore, although environmental conditions have a much more significant influence on people’s actions, the interaction between personality and environment is the one that actually controls how and why people behave in a certain way.

Internship Report Marketing Research

Critical Assessment of the Research Methodology used in SRG Bangladesh Limited Critical Assessment of the Research Methodology used in SRG Bangladesh Limited Submitted to Professor Golam Mohammed Chowdhury Chairman, Internship & Placement Program Supervised by Dr. M Z Mamun Professor and Director Submitted by Noman Ahmed Khan Roll No. 16 MBA 41 (D) Internship Period: 23rd March to 14th June Institute Of Business Administration (IBA) University Of Dhaka Date of Submission: July 11, 2009 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT First of all I must thank Dr. M Z Mamun, Professor & Director, IBA for his insisting on the brevity of the report.He helped me determine the objective of the report and guided me through to get to the end. He made me grateful with his valuable suggestions from time to time during my internship. I can never forget his fatherly guidance and his utmost friendly and sincere attention toward me. The second person to acknowledge will surely be my supervisor at SRGB: Mr. M Saidul Haq, Managing Director of SRG Bangladesh Limited. He has been a great support from the choice of the topic, learning of different part of research and understanding the difference between theory and practice.Special thank goes to Mr. Ziauddin Kamal, Senior Research Executive and Mr Emrul Kayes, Manager, HR for providing me every kind of information related to my study. I really should thank every other employee of SRGB, whom I found during different phases of my internship. Most of them have been very open and friendly with me and provided me with the answers I needed from them. Lastly I would like to thank my classmates working in OrgQuest and the Nielsen Company Bangladesh Limited for providing me with brief but useful information about the practices in their organization.July 11, 2009 Chairperson Internship and Placement Institute of Business Administration University of Dhaka Dhaka – 1000 Subject: Submission of Internship report on Critical Assessment of the Research Methodology used in SRG Bangladesh Limited Dear Sir: As a part of the internship program, I have prepared this report on the topic â€Å"Critical Assessment of the Research Methodology used in SRG Bangladesh Limited†. The report contains a detailed study and analysis on the qualitative and quantitative methodology used by SRG Bangladesh Limited.I judged the matter through the projects in which I had to work as an internee. I have tried my best to utilize the opportunity of working as an internee in an established marketing research company like SRGB. This report is based on information acquired from the project Awareness and Acceptance of UK Qualifications in Bangladesh, conducted by SRGB. Here I have tried to compare the methodology used in that study with the thery we have been taught in the classroom and probable reason of difference with the theory if any.I have maintained the internship learning as per the instructions I have got from my supervisor Dr M Z Mamun. I enjoyed preparing this report because it provides an opportunity for me to increase my understanding of the real life marketing research practices. I thank you for such an opportunity. I will be available for any clarification at your convenience. Sincerely yours Noman Ahemd Khan Roll # 16 Batch – 41(D) Table of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARYvii 1. 0 INTRODUCTION1 1. 1 Origin of the Report1 1. 2 Objective1 1. 3 Methodology2 1. 4 Scope2 1. 5 Limitations2 . 0 Industry Overview3 2. 1. Research and Consultancy Industry around the World3 2. 1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Market segments3 2. 1. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Player groups5 2. 2 Research and Consultancy Industry in Bangladesh7 2. 2. 1 ORG-Quest Research Ltd (OrQuest)7 2. 2. 2 Sirius Marketing and Social Research Ltd. 7 2. 2. 3 The Nielsen Company8 3. 0 Company Overview9 3. 1 Background and History of SRG Bangladesh Limited9 3. 2 Organization Chart10 3. 3 Services Offered11 3. 4 Qualitative Research12 3. 5 Quantitative R esearch12 3. 6 Recent Projects13 3. 7 Key Clients14 3. Key Person of SRG Bangladesh Limited18 4. 0 Jobs Performed During Internship20 4. 1 Duties and Responsibilities20 4. 2 Completion of the Assignments20 4. 2. 1 Awareness and acceptance of UK Qualification20 4. 2. 2 Assessment of Grameen Kalyan Clinics21 4. 2. 3 Global Opinion Poll on Social, Economic and Political Issues 2009, Project Green, Wave 921 4. 2. 4 Mystery Shopping on Banking Products and Service21 4. 3 Benefits of the Program21 5. 0 Critical Assessment of the Methodology of the Project â€Å"Awareness and Acceptance of UK Qualifications in Bangladesh†22 5. Background of the study22 5. 1. 1 Definition of the Business Problem22 5. 1. 2 Research Objectives22 5. 2 Methodology23 5. 2. 1 Criticism on Selection and Implementation of Quantitative Study23 5. 2. 2 Criticism on Selection and Implementation of Qualitative Study (KII and IDI)25 5. 2. 3 Criticism on FGD26 5. 2. 4 A Mixed-Methodology Approach to the Study27 6. 0 Conclusion and Recommendation28 Bibliography29 Annexure I: Questionnaire of Key Informant Interview (KII)30 Annexure II: Questionnaire for In-Depth Interview (IDI)35 List of FiguresFigure 1: Revenues of Research and Consultancy Firms by Services4 Figure 2: Growth Rate of Research and Consultancy Firms by Services4 Figure 3: Groups of Research and Consultancy Players by Size and Origin5 Figure 4. Percentage of Market Share Depending on Size of Businesses6 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY This report has been written with a focused ultimate goal of identifying the gaps between theory and practice of research in SRG Bangladesh Limited. It has been found that the effectiveness of a research firm SRGB in preparing research works fairly supported by theory practitioners.Difference between theory and practice is a very old phenomenon which we can see here too. But it can be concluded easily that though the practice is not perfectly similar with the suggestions from theory, the practice will work effec tively to bring out the result, which is the goal of all research works. Market research and consultancy is an old art which is becoming more important in Bangladesh day by day. The activities of market research include defining marketing opportunities and problems, generating and evaluating marketing ideas, monitoring performance, and understanding the marketing process.At the same time management consultancy refers to both the industry of, and the practice of, helping organizations improve their performance, primarily through the analysis of existing business problems and development of plans for improvement. Organizations hire the services of management consultants for a number of reasons, including gaining external (and presumably objective) advice, access to the consultants' specialized expertise, or simply as extra temporary help during a one-time project, where the hiring of more permanent employees is not required.Internship opportunity in a market research and management co nsultancy house can be considered a great opportunity for a student to learn some most important and effective skills. Bangladesh is comparatively new in Market Research and Management Consultancy sector. We can find very few big players and a number of small players here. But the industry is expanding day by day. The total revenue is also increasing every year. Mainly four companies can be considered the topmost players in this industry. One of them SRG Bangladesh Limited is the company where the author completed his internship.The Survey Research Group of Bangladesh [SRGB] was initiated in October 1987 as a Management and Industrial Consulting house. Since the early 90s, SRGB ventured into providing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Services. Since then SRGB has successfully conducted hundreds of studies ranging from broad based sectoral studies to micro level case studies for domestic and international clients. SRGB maintains a countrywide panel of more than 800 male and fema le Field Investigators, who are recruited locally resulting in substantial cost efficiency.Moreover, local investigators ensure operational efficiency and accuracy in collecting relevant information. In terms of organizational philosophy, to remain updated with the rapid changes in the global survey research scenario and to benefit from the hard-earned experience of developed economies, SRGB remains in constant touch with a number of overseas firms engaged in research and consulting. Most of the assignments handled in SRGB were long-term projects that had already been started. Some were in the beginning phase and some were in their final stages.Some of them are also a type of continuous research with several waves. The discussed research study that was used to prepare this report is Awareness and Acceptance of UK Qualifications in Bangladesh. It was an ongoing project. It therefore made sense to continue doing what the rest of the team was doing (taking interviews of different types and writing those down). It required all three interns from IBA to take interviews of different people. At the very beginning tough job of taking face to face interviews was assigned.Some visits to a private university (BRAC University for this author) and a multinational (Novartis Bangladesh Limited) helped the job done. Then the qualitative part commenced. A 7 day tour to Chittagong was made to take the KII of a number of Deans and department heads. The tour was successful with nice opportunities to learn interview and communication skills. Then again a 5 day tour to Rajshahi, the land of heat and mango. It was also a very successful tour with acquiring of huge experiences.Finally different top management personnels from different organizations and universities like University of Dhaka, International Islamic University Chittagong Dhaka Campus, Square, Grameenphone, Dhaka Bank, BMET, UGC etc. were interviewed. 1. 0 INTRODUCTION Market research and consultancy is an old art which i s becoming more important in Bangladesh day by day. The activities of market research include defining marketing opportunities and problems, generating and evaluating marketing ideas, monitoring performance, and understanding the marketing process.At the same time management consultancy refers to both the industry of, and the practice of, helping organizations improve their performance, primarily through the analysis of existing business problems and development of plans for improvement. Organizations hire the services of management consultants for a number of reasons, including gaining external (and presumably objective) advice, access to the consultants' specialized expertise, or simply as extra temporary help during a one-time project, where the hiring of more permanent employees is not required.Internship opportunity in a market research and management consultancy house can be considered a great opportunity for a student to learn some most important and effective skills. 1. 1 Or igin of the Report As a compulsory part of Internship program, this particular report is being prepared by the author on the proposed topic â€Å"Critical Assessment of the Research Methodology used in SRG Bangladesh Limited†. The intention was to give an opportunity to the students to gain some real world experience by working in a practical environment. The internship supervisor was Mr.M Saidul Haq, Managing Director, SRG Bangladesh Limited and the faculty advisor was Dr. M Z Mamun, Professor & Director of Institute of Business Administration. 1. 2 Objective The Primary Objective of this report is: †¢ To measure the gap between theory and practice for the selection of the methodology. Secondary objectives are: †¢ To study the methodology used in the project under study in SRGB. †¢ To observe the implementation of the methods. †¢ To measure the gap between selection and implementation of the methods. †¢ Search for the justifications behind the gaps. . 3 Methodology The research will be composed of literature review for theories and qualitative research mainly. An extensive study of the research methodology literature will be the base. Then the practical experiences and observations from the project worked for during internship will be compared with the literature. Finally qualitative in-depth interviews and key informant interviews will lead us to our answers. 1. 4 Scope SRGB selects and follows different kinds of methodology for different projects. It changes with the change of projects.Here only the study project in which the author worked- ‘Awareness and Acceptance of UK Qualifications in Bangladesh’ will come under consideration. The author will try to reveal the theoretical requirements to selection of methodology for this particular study project and the practical happenings in this project only. The other two studies which were taking place at SRGB at the time of internship will not be considered though the author worked for those in some few instances. 1. 5 Limitations Some limiting factors were faced while conducting the research and preparing the report.These could be summarized as follows: †¢ No secondary information was found, such as, any report or research papers on this particular issue. †¢ For finding out reasons behind gap between theory and practice, enough number of projects could not be studied due to shortage of time and scope. †¢ Only internal specialists were interviewed. 2. 0 Industry Overview Before starting description of the main parts of the internship report, some light on the industry of the worked for company should be addressed. A short story about the industry will help the reader understand the situation with more depth. . 1. Research and Consultancy Industry around the World The management consultancy industry shows a very fragmented picture with various segments and player groups. This first part of the industry analysis starts with an analys is of the market segments and player groups. Afterwards it will elaborate on the competitive situation. The second part of this analysis – Future Prospects – discusses driving forces and possible futures for the industry. Due to availability of data here the focus is on the German market, for which it provides figures and statistics.All statements about trends, competition, drivers and possible future developments, however, can easily be transferred to management consultancies in all major markets. 2. 1. 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Market segments In Germany there are 14700 management consultancies and sole practitioners. They employ 68000 consultants. The market for management consultancy in Germany has shown rapid growth throughout the last years. Total revenues rose from 16. 4 bn DM in 1997 to 18. 8 bn in 1998, 21. 3 bn in 1999, and 23. 8 bn DM in 2000. Although the annual growth rate declined from 14. 6 % in 1998 to 11. % in 2000, it is still significa ntly above the growth rate of the German GDP, being below 3 %. However, growth is not equally spread across the market segments. Today management consultancy is much more than the traditional strategy consulting. The Bundesverband Deutscher Unternehmensberater e. V. (BDU, Association of German Management Consultants) distinguishes between consulting for strategy, organisation, IT and human resources. Analysis of these segments reveals their different contributions to overall revenue and growth: Figure 1: Revenues of Research and Consultancy Firms by Services pic] Figure 2: Growth Rate of Research and Consultancy Firms by Services [pic] These figures indicate that IT- and organisational consulting fuelled growth in 1999. This was driven by the current developments in the IT-sector. The BDU names year 2000 solutions, Euro-implementations, SAP implementations and e-business activities. These changes in the customers' environment change their industries more or less and hence create eno rmous needs for consulting. Without the impact of Y2K and Euro-implementation, the growth of IT consulting slowed down in 2000.However, this sector remains the most important field of consulting with 43. 4% of total consulting revenues in 2000. The BDU predicts, that the proportion of consulting projects that include at least partly some e-commerce consulting, will grow from 38% in 2000 to about 50% in 2001. All in all the whole industry shows a dynamic growth. Besides the influence of IT this is driven by globalisation, technological change and the deregulation of markets. 2. 1. 2  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Player groups In recent years the industry has seen the entry of many non-traditional consultants into the market.Barriers to entry are considerably low with little investments into fixed assets needed. In addition – on the contrary to the auditing business – there are no legal regulations limiting the entry to this profession. Many former employees of large consultancy firms or senior managers from other businesses start up as sole practitioners or small consulting firms. On the other hand, many companies from outside the consulting industry enter this market. These are mainly IT-companies as IBM or Cap Gemini, but also designers, technologists, marketing agencies, employment agencies and others.Figure 3: Groups of Research and Consultancy Players by Size and Origin [pic] Rassam (1998) distinguishes as follows: In Germany there are 14700 consulting businesses employing 68500 consultants. The BDU distinguishes small, medium and large consultancies. Not surprisingly, the large consultancies, being smallest in numbers make nearly a third of the total industries revenues: Figure 4. Percentage of Market Share Depending on Size of Businesses [pic] This is an ongoing trend. By 2000 the market share of large consultancies has risen to 47%, share of medium sized firms fell to 36% and share of small firms fell to 17%.This is because large firms show by far the highest growth rates with an average of 18% in 2000. Medium and small firms grew by an average of 9% and 2. 5% only. With this small number of large dominant players the market can be characterised as an oligopoly. Competition is especially strong within the market segments and within the player groups. Due to the limited growth rates in some segments and the entry of new players there is also a rising competition across the segments and player groups. Smaller specialised consultants start to serve customers of all sizes.The large consultants discover small and start-up enterprises as customers, seeing them as future clients for further consulting and auditing activities. According to this competition consultancies have developed different strategies. The large consultancies establish themselves as generalist. They offer their clients a one-stop-shop service for all the consulting needs they might have. Thus their focus is on long-lasting customer relationships and cross-selling opportunities. Many smaller and medium sized consultancies have specialised in certain areas of expertise like IT, HR or business recovery.A number of them operate only in their home area. An important area of competition in consulting business is the supply-side. Consultancies compete heavily to attract highly qualified people. Demand for these people is rising due to the growth aspirations of the large consulting firms. The German member firm of PricewaterhouseCoopers created more than 1000 additional jobs during its first year after the merger and still continues to grow at high rates. On the other hand, many graduates from universities and business schools choose to join start-ups in the â€Å"new economy† in 2000. . 2 Research and Consultancy Industry in Bangladesh Bangladesh is comparatively new in Market Research and Management Consultancy sector. We can find very few big players and a number of small players here. But the industry is expanding day b y day. The total revenue is also increasing every year. Mainly four companies can be considered the topmost players in this industry. One of them SRG Bangladesh Limited is the company where the author completed his internship, description of that company is coming latter. Here we find short description of other three firms. 2. 2. ORG-Quest Research Ltd (OrQuest) ORG-QUEST RESEARCH LTD. (OrQuest) is a joint venture company with ORG India (pvt) Ltd. It has been founded in 2003, though serving from 1994. Number of employees is 40 and interviewers is 300. We are a research & consulting firm with strong survey research and analytical skills that bring to bear a blend of insights and Pan-Asian experience of a highly competent team of professionals. We have been providing research services to our valued clients including MNCs, UN agencies, development partners (World Bank, ADB, IFC-SEDF, Swisscontact, etc. , local conglomerates, international research agencies, etc. in the country since 19 94, using both quantitative and qualitative techniques. Our qualitative wing owns a viewing facility with one way mirror in Dhaka. With a dedicated team of researchers, having client and agency side experience and multi country exposures, we offer high standard market, social and opinion research services in the areas mentioned under the fields of operation later. 2. 2. 2 Sirius Marketing and Social Research Ltd.Sirius is a full service research organization and offers the entire spectrum of consumer and media research, social research, syndicated Media and Panel research services and business-to-business research conforming to international standards. It has been founded in 1995 and it has 60 employees and 350 interviewers presently. The company is an associate of IMRB International and has full access to IMRB's expertise. Today, Sirius is one of the leading research agencies and the clientele includes multinationals based in Bangladesh, bilateral agencies and international compani es.The company has conducted large scale national level studies (all Bangladesh) and has field offices in the 6 Divisional headquarters of Bangladesh. The company pioneered syndicated media research in the country that includes TV audience measurement, National Media Study (covering all media), TV Ad tracking,and has in place a national level household consumer panel since 2005. 2. 2. 3 The Nielsen Company The Nielsen Company, offering services in over 100 countries, is the world's leading provider of market research, information, and analysis.By delivering unrivalled combinations of insights, advanced analytical tools and integrated marketing solutions, Nielsen provides complete views of consumers and their markets. Nielsen Consumer Research helps clients address the issues of brand health, shopper loyalty and behavior, marketing mix management and consumer motivations. By integrating proprietary research applications with in-market understanding from our retail and consumer panel services we don’t conduct consumer research in a vacuum, and are uniquely positioned to deliver business solutions in their market context.BASES, a service of The Nielsen Company and a world leader in STM’s, uses industry-leading forecasting models, rich databases, and proprietary analytical techniques to consult on a range of business issues, including innovation strategy, concept and marketing plan optimization, and initiative commercialization. BASES is widely known for expertise in the CPG sector, but tools have been adapted to sectors such as pharmaceuticals, alcohol, quick-serve restaurants, and more. 3. 0 Company Overview The company selected for internship was Survey Research Group of Bangladesh (SRGB).It is one of the leading Research and Consultancy firm of the country. A short description of the company will complement the story. 3. 1 Background and History of SRG Bangladesh Limited The Survey Research Group of Bangladesh [SRGB] was initiated in October 1987 as a Management and Industrial Consulting house. Its professional integrity and service excellence rapidly gained a lasting reputation for delivering result-oriented consultancy services. Subsequently, activities were diversified to provide development consultancy, continuing professional development programs, data processing & analysis and event management services.Since the early 90s, SRGB ventured into providing Qualitative and Quantitative Research Services. Since then SRGB has successfully conducted hundreds of studies ranging from broad based sectoral studies to micro level case studies for domestic and international clients. SRGB's studies are carried out under the leadership of highly competent and experienced team members who are well acknowledged experts in their respective fields, appropriately drawn from SRGB's panel with their consent and total commitment.Logistically, SRGB is more than well equipped with all necessary and state of the art office facilities including c omputers, printers, photocopier, scanner, continuous power generator, etc. A team of highly experienced staff remains dedicated to carry out survey research activities. Moreover, SRGB maintains a countrywide panel of more than 800 male and female Field Investigators, who are recruited locally resulting in substantial cost efficiency. Moreover, local investigators ensure operational efficiency and accuracy in collecting relevant information.In terms of organizational philosophy, to remain updated with the rapid changes in the global survey research scenario and to benefit from the hard-earned experience of developed economies, SRGB remains in constant touch with a number of overseas firms engaged in research and consulting. These close associations have proved mutually rewarding and SRGB maintain an open-end policy in acquiring further overseas strategic alliances. Moreover, SRGB's consultants are well practiced in looking objectively at the challenges that a business or an intervent ion faces and developing appropriate, workable and cost effective solutions.SRGB's role as a consultancy house is to provide expert, independent, practical and pragmatic decisions. With the truest partnership spirit, SRGB works â€Å"alongside† with the clients instead of working â€Å"for† them. SRGB's approach is based on hard-earned experience, rather than on textbook solutions. The hard-core professionalism, undaunted integrity and uncompromising excellence of service of SRGB have duly earned high level of customer satisfaction and reliability.The total range of services from SRGB is delivered through three distinct operating divisions: [pic]  Centre for Research & Management Consulting [pic]Centre for Continuing Professional Development [pic]Centre for Data Processing & Analysis All three centres have both intellectual and logistical resource-base that is unmatched in the country. Each of the centres is highly professional, unparalleled in functional efficiency and strategically organized to provide ample scope for future expandability and relentless enhancement of service quality.The Centre for Research & Management Consulting concentrates on providing consolidated business management and development research solutions, while the Centre for Continuing Professional Development offers wide range of skill development programs for practicing and prospective business professionals to enhance their experience and functional capability. Finally, the Centre for Data Processing & Analysis offer a spectrum of digitization services, which covers almost every document conversion process including data, text, PDF, illustrator and XML/SGML conversion services. . 2 Organization Chart The organization is headed by the CEO or President. It has an organogram which is slim but centralized. Here a diagram of the organization chart has been shown in the next page. [pic] 3. 3 Services Offered The services offered are modern and useful. They are as follows: â⠂¬ ¢ Social & Environmental Research †¢ Business Communication Service †¢ Automotive Research †¢ Agricultural Research †¢ Business to Business Research †¢ HR Management Service †¢ Media Research †¢ Mystery Shopping †¢ Qualitative Research †¢ Quantitative Research †¢ Retail Study Healthcare Research †¢ Sales Force Effectiveness Practice Among the available services here we only highlight the qualitative and quantitative research. 3. 4 Qualitative Research SRGB has a specialist qualitative research division. This division forms a core part of the overall business. This division has a team with an experience base of over 15 years. Keeping in mind the need to bring in different perspectives in understanding human behavior, this team has been selected from diverse backgrounds such as psychology, sociology, anthropology, marketing, economics and so on.The qualitative division also has its own specialized field structure that handles a ll aspects of the field operations. No fieldwork is sub-contracted. In addition to our own team of highly experienced and motivated researchers, the qualitative division draws into the expertise of international consultants in the fields of qualitative research and communication. This allows us access to global perspective as well. The qualitative division has handled hundreds of studies spanning categories as diverse as FMCG products, financial products, durables, automobiles, media, telecommunication and so on.It has considerable experience in handling the following types of research studies: †¢ Usage and attitude studies †¢ Brand equity studies †¢ Segmentation studies †¢ Positioning research †¢ Communication development and evaluation †¢ Packaging evaluation studies †¢ New product development studies The experience pool also includes studies among a wide variety of target groups ranging from housewives, chief wage earners, children, teenagers, y oung adults, different socio-economic groups including high net worth individuals; specialist groups such as corporate, specific professions, etc.The qualitative research division boasts of having a large number of specialized techniques such as: †¢ Conflict Groups †¢ Peer Interactions †¢ Triads †¢ Paired Interviews †¢ Slice of life †¢ Semiotics †¢ Extended creativity groups †¢ Hybrid Approaches †¢ Benefit Inhibitor chains †¢ Thematic Apperception Tests †¢ Mind Mapping †¢ Value Equation †¢ World views †¢ Bring your Homework etc. 3. 5 Quantitative ResearchThe quantitative research division is a specialized research with a combined experience of over 18 years in handling quantitative research in a wide range of areas – such as FMCGs, personal grooming products, automobiles, durables, telecom, IT media, pharmaceutical products, cigarettes, retail, financial products and web research. The team, of over 15 quant itative researchers is adept at handling all aspects of the research right from problem definition, to the analysis and data interpretation, to providing implementable solutions to the clients needs.The use of a wide array of tools and techniques, such as multivariate techniques adds value and helps provide meaningful insights to the client. A team of experienced programmers ensure a quick and efficient data summarization and interpretation, which ensure a quicker turnaround time for the project. At any point of time, there are 800+ investigators for collecting data and they are spread across the country.High quality in data collection is ensured through a systemized and stringent data collection procedure-training sessions, mock calls, pilot interviews, back-checks by the company staff ensure that data collected adheres to the quality standards laid down by the company. Specialized teams of experts in various fields with in-depth knowledge of the global market add value to the proj ect. We have consultants with a global experience of at least 20 years in the following areas. Customer satisfaction †¢ Mystery shopping †¢ Product testing †¢ Retailing sector †¢ Modeling and data mining †¢ Insurance sector †¢ Banking sector 3. 6 Recent Projects There were twelve ongoing projects during internship of the author. Among them three were bigger and more important. The author worked in various jobs of four projects, project number 4, 5, 6 and 7. Table 1: Recent Projects by SRGB |Sl No. Project Name |Client |Period of Study | |1 |Monitoring and Evaluation Consulting: |CPTU, IMED |June 2009 to | | |Public Procurement Reform Project–II |Ministry of Planning |June 2013 | | |(PPRP-II) [A World Bank funded Project] |Govt. f Bangladesh |[Ongoing Study] | |2 |Employee Preference Survey for |British America Tobacco (through Engage |June to July 2009 | | |Bangladesh |HR, Pakistan) |[Ongoing Study] | |3 |Monitoring and Evaluation of Cross Bord er Communication – South Asia|AED, USA |April to | | |(Multi-country study involving Bangladesh, Nepal & India) |[USAID funded |June 2009 | | | |AI. COMM Project] |[Ongoing Study] | |4 |Global Opinion Poll on Social, Economic and Political Issues 2009, |Princeton Survey Research Associates |April to | | |Project Green, Wave 9 |International (PSRAI), Washington, USA |June 2009 | | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |5 |Grameen Kalyan Clinics Needs Assessment |Pfizer Inc. March to October 2009 | | | |USA |[Ongoing Study] | |6 |Market Research on Awareness and Acceptance of UK Qualifications in |British Council |January to | | |Bangladesh |Dhaka |July 2009 | | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |7 |Mystery Shopping on Banking Products |HSBC Bangladesh |August 2008 to | | |and Services |Dhaka |December 2009 | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |8 |Social Impact Assessment |The World Bank |May 2008 to | | |For Bangladesh Railway DPL Project |Dhaka, Bangladesh |June 2009 | | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |9 |Surroga te Value Research on Fish, 2009 |Grunfeld, Desiderio, Lebowitz, |January to | | | |Silverman & Klestadt LLP |December 2009 | | | |USA |[Ongoing Study] | |10 |Mystery Shopping on Cisco Certified |Pearson VUE/AQ Services |January to | | |Examination Centre Performance |International, Singapore |December 2009 | | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |11 |Mystery Shopping on GMAT Registration & |Pearson VUE/AQ Services |January to | | |Scheduling Procedures |International, Singapore |December 2009 | | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |12 |Mystery Shopping – CompTIA |Pearson VUE through |January to | | | |AQ Services, Singapore |December 2009 | | | | |[Ongoing Study] | |13 |Police Perception Survey in Chittagong, |US Embassy |October 2008 to | | |Bandarban, Rangamati and Khagrachhari |Dhaka, Bangladesh |March 2009 | | |Districts | | | 3. 7 Key Clients SRGB has a huge number of different category clients. They have been listed below: A: International Clients †¢ Cisco, USA †¢ HSBC, Hong Kong †¢ Telenor, Norway †¢ Nokia, Hong Kong †¢ Microsoft, USA Hewlett-Packard (HP) Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, Singapore †¢ ARD Inc, USA †¢ BHP-Engineering, Australia †¢ BHP-Laysaght (SEA) Pte Ltd, Singapore †¢ Nomura Research Institute, Japan †¢ International Executive Service Corps (IESC), USA †¢ Carana Corporation, USA †¢ International Trade Centre (ITC), Switzerland †¢ SKF Distribution Asia Pte Ltd, Singapore †¢ ECI Telecom Inc, USA †¢ Dacom Corporation, Korea †¢ Korea Telecom, Korea †¢ Tata Steel, India †¢ Bare Associates International, USA †¢ Bharat Starch Industries Ltd, India †¢ Tessival SPA, Italy †¢ G P Group of Companies, Thailand †¢ Singer Worldwide, USA †¢ Overseas Projects Corporation of Victoria (OPCV), Australia †¢ Carana Corporation, USA TOTAL FINA ELF, France †¢ Princeton Survey Research Associates (PSRA), USA †¢ Tianjin Machinery Import Export Group, China †¢ Quantum Market Research, India †¢ BAIGlobal Inc (A Market Facts Company), USA †¢ Pew Research Centre, USA †¢ Mitsubishi Corporation, Singapore †¢ Kuraray Specialties Pte Ltd, Singapore †¢ Thai Wah Public Co. Ltd, Thailand †¢ Horizon Research, Singapore †¢ Tashi Group of Companies, Bhutan †¢ Kalasha Woolen Industry (Pvt) Ltd, Nepal †¢ Ecotech Pty Ltd, Australia †¢ Habib Bank Ltd, Pakistan †¢ Asia Market Intelligence (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd, Malaysia †¢ Syngenta, Hong Kong †¢ Arthur D. Little, Singapore/Malaysia †¢ Sungwon Corporation, Korea Kong Ma Engineering Co Ltd, Taiwan †¢ Fullway Enterprises Co Ltd, Taiwan †¢ Quest International, UK †¢ Veraz Telecom, USA †¢ Canadian High Commission, Dhaka †¢ Rhone Poulence Asia Pacific Pte Ltd, Australia †¢ China Resources Ltd, Hong Kong †¢ BlueScope Steel, Australia †¢ International Business Linkages, Inc. (IBL), USA †¢ World Fish Centre, Malaysia †¢ Redma Consultants Ltd, Canada †¢ Acorn Marketing and Research Consultants, Hong Kong †¢ Synovate, Hong Kong †¢ Cairn Energy Bangladesh †¢ AQ Services International, Singapore †¢ Access Markets International (AMI) Partners, Inc, USA †¢ Columbia University, USA B: International Development Agencies/NGOs Clients †¢ The World Bank United Nations Development Program (UNDP) †¢ United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) †¢ UNICEF Bangladesh †¢ Asian Development Bank (ADB) †¢ International Finance Corporation (IFC) †¢ Commonwealth Secretariat, UK †¢ Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) †¢ Swedish International Development Agency (SIDA) †¢ United States Agency For International Development (USAID) †¢ Ministry of Economy, Trade & Industry (METI), Japan †¢ Japan International Co-operation Agency (JICA) †¢ International Jute Organization (IJO) †¢ CARE Banglades h †¢ SouthAsia Enterprise Development Facility (SEDF) †¢ Swisscontact-Katalyst †¢ World Vision of Bangladesh †¢ JOBS [A USAID Project] †¢ OXFAM Bangladesh Concern Bangladesh †¢ German Technical Cooperation (GTZ), Bangladesh †¢ DFID Bangladesh C: Domestic Clients †¢ Unilever Bangladesh †¢ British America Tobacco †¢ Syngenta (Bangladesh) Ltd †¢ Social Marketing Company (SMC) †¢ Olympic Industries †¢ Bengal Group of Industries †¢ A K Khan Group †¢ Bashundhara Group of Companies †¢ Mutual Group †¢ Baraka Group †¢ SQ Group †¢ Rangs Electronics Ltd †¢ Alfa Tobacco Group †¢ Micro Industries Development Assistance Society (MIDAS) †¢ Sea Resources Group (Rangs Group) †¢ Sena Kalyan Sangstha (SKS) †¢ M M Ispahani Ltd (Ispahani Group) †¢ Givenchy Group †¢ Grameen Bank †¢ Alfa Tobacco Group †¢ Toka Ink (BD) Ltd (A Bangladesh Japan Joint Venture) BASIC Bank Ltd †¢ Grameen Uddog †¢ Holycrescent Hospital Ltd †¢ McDonald Bangladesh Ltd †¢ Grameen Shamogree †¢ Tripti Industries †¢ Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Govt of Bangladesh †¢ Ministry of Jute, Govt of Bangladesh †¢ Industrial Development Leasing Company of Bangladesh Ltd (IDLC) †¢ Brothers Group †¢ Syngenta †¢ Giant Group †¢ Bell Corporation †¢ Anlima Group †¢ Grameen Telecom †¢ Grameen Phone †¢ Pacific Telecom Ltd (City Cell) †¢ Bangladesh Telegraph & Telephone Board (BTTB) †¢ Department of Environment, Govt of Bangladesh †¢ Ministry of Environment, Govt of Bangladesh †¢ Modern Erection, Dhaka †¢ BRAC Bank Bangladesh 3. 8 Key Person of SRG Bangladesh LimitedM Saidul Haq, MBA, CMC (Australia), FCIM (UK), FIMC, is the Founder President of SRG Bangladesh Limited [SRGB]. He is an entrepreneurship/business development specialist. He did his MBA from Institute of Business Admini stration, University of Dhaka in its 14th batch. He has unparallel combination of multivariate qualifications and achievements. Some are highlighted below: †¢ CMC (Certified Management Consultant) from Institute of Management Consultants, Australia †¢ FCIM (Fellow Member) of The Chartered Institute of Marketing, UK – the top marketing professionals’ organization of the world. †¢ More than twenty(20) years experience in Management Consulting and Market/Social Research (qualitative and quantitative) †¢ Conducted hundreds of research and consulting projects as Project Director/Team Leader †¢ Organized and conducted hundreds of training programs, workshop, seminar, technical †¢ presentation on various management and business promotion issues. †¢ Extensive experience in trade & business development, promotions, investment and joint venture match-making. †¢ Extensive experience in private sector and SME enterprises development, entrepr eneurship development. †¢ National Consultant, International Trade Centre, WTO/UNCTAD, Geneva †¢ Retainer consultant/adviser of about a dozen leading business houses in Bangladesh Experience with many international organizations including World Bank, ADB, International Labor Organization (ILO), USAID, CIDA, UNDP, UNIDO, UNICEF, UNEP, SDC, commonwealth Secretariat, etc. †¢ Worked for about five years as the Consultant/National Monitor for Industrial Commodity Program, Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) and Canadian High Commission, Dhaka. †¢ Registered Consultant of Asian Development Bank (ADB), The World Bank, Commonwealth Secretariat, International Labor Organization (ILO), UNICEF, etc. †¢ Served as Member of the Advisory Board of GERIAP, United Nations Environment Program (UNEP), Regional Office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, Thailand. Founder President of the Institute of Management Consultants Bangladesh [IMCB], the †¢ national for um for the consultants of Bangladesh. †¢ Trustee of The International Council of Management Consulting Institutes [ICMCI], the apex body of the consulting institutes worldwide. †¢ ICMCI representative to ECOSOC, United Nations (UN) for Geneva/Vienna and Asia-Pacific region. †¢ Immediate past National Representative for Bangladesh and Member of European Society for Opinion and Market Research [ESOMAR]. †¢ Member of the American Marketing Association [AMA] †¢ Widely traveled person and visited more than hundred countries/cities of the world. 4. 0 Jobs Performed During InternshipWhile the work performed during this period was particularly glamorous and equally thrilling, true is that this internship period exposed the author to experiences which have significantly altered the perception of marketing research and management related issues towards a more real and global holistic model. 4. 1 Duties and Responsibilities The internship program was started on 23rd Ma rch, 2009. The internship was to last for twelve (12) weeks to three (3) months and as a result my internship came to an end on 14th June, 2009. In somewhat more concrete terms, SRGB provides the country and the world with timely, scientifically credible, policy-relevant research answers for decision-making and action planning for development.While with SRGB, it was involved in a range of different tasks and smaller explorations that extensively helped learning of the methods of marketing research. The central themes around which most of the works at SRGB was organized is presented here. 4. 2 Completion of the Assignments Most of the assignments handled were long-term projects that had already been started. Some were in the beginning phase and some were in their final stages. Some of them are also a type of continuous research with several waves. The four research studies that were been participated are described here. 4. 2. 1 Awareness and acceptance of UK Qualification It was an o ngoing project.It therefore made sense to continue doing what the rest of the team was doing (taking interviews of different types and writing those down). It required all three interns from IBA to take interviews of different people. At the very beginning tough job of taking face to face interviews was assigned. Some visits to a private university (BRAC University for this author) and a multinational (Novartis Bangladesh Limited) helped the job done. Then the qualitative part commenced. A 7 day tour to Chittagong was made to take the KII of a number of Deans and department heads. The tour was successful with nice opportunities to learn interview and communication skills. Then again a 5 day tour to Rajshahi, the land of heat and mango.It was also a very successful tour with acquiring of huge experiences. Finally different top management personnels from different organizations and universities like University of Dhaka, International Islamic University Chittagong Dhaka Campus, Square, Grameenphone, Dhaka Bank, BMET, UGC etc. were interviewed. 4. 2. 2 Assessment of Grameen Kalyan Clinics This was a new project altogether. The preparation and translating of questionnaires were taking place. Tough job of doing most effective translation to Bangla of the English questionnaires were done effectively. 4. 2. 3 Global Opinion Poll on Social, Economic and Political Issues 2009, Project Green, Wave 9This is a regular project taken by SRGB every year. The author participated in a three day internal training session to see how the field coordinators trained and assigned their jobs. It is a survey that takes place throughout Bangladesh. The real world way of survey was learned here. 4. 2. 4 Mystery Shopping on Banking Products and Service It was done for HSBC Bank. The author visited GEC and Agrabad branch in Chittagong where he observed the customer care quality of the branches and wrote a report with assigning points. 4. 3 Benefits of the Program Benefit from the internshi p programme was more than what was expected in a number of ways: Having a rare opportunity to use the knowledge and skills that had been acquired back at the institute to provide critical real world research method information. Career-wise, the internship programme undoubtedly enriched my curriculum vitae (CV). Also, having gotten a chance to interact with most staff, it gave an insight on how to shape the career towards a research job in the near future. The internship programme gave me a chance not only to work with SRGB but also a chance to learn from the research experts and consultants. Working with people from different parts of the world was a rare chance that you can’t easily get from any other organization in Kenya. Therefore to me this was another opportunity to make friends and share ideas. To conclude, the internship at SRGB was a rewarding experience and provided with some new perspectives that was not came across during studies back at the institute. 5. 0 Cri tical Assessment of the Methodology of the Project â€Å"Awareness and Acceptance of UK Qualifications in Bangladesh† This is the main focus of this report. Methodology is one of the most important part of any research study. Literally methodology is the way in which the data are collected for the research project. Methodology  can be defined as: ? â€Å"the analysis of the principles of methods, rules, and postulates employed by a discipline† ? â€Å"the systematic study of methods that are, can be, or have been applied within a discipline†Ã‚  or ? â€Å"a particular procedure or set of procedures. â€Å"Selection of methodology mainly depends on the objective of the research, but in real life the objective comes with different factors and dimensions unlike pure independent research. Here it will be shown what the methodology for this project was, probable mistakes both in crafting and executing of the methodology and finally the justification for it. 5. 1 Background of the study This study was taken for British Council, the United Kingdom’s cultural relation’s organization. Here some important parts of the research will be shown. These will help us understand the requirements and the goal of this study. 5. 1. 1 Definition of the Business ProblemThe business was defined as – â€Å"Although UK qualifications are popular and growing, recognition and acceptance by employers, government and higher education providers is variable. We need to be able to: 1. Identify where recognition and acceptance are weak but critical 2. Identify new sectors for growth 3. Review our product portfolio so that it meets market requirements. 5. 1. 2 Research Objectives †¢ To ascertain the current level of awareness and acceptance of UK qualifications (school levels and professional) among the leading Bangladeshi private and public sector employers and the higher education institutions (both public and private). †¢ To identify t he main reasons for the variable levels of awareness and acceptance. Assess the impact of the growth of the private sector and the continued policy of privatizing of state run assets by the government. In order to achieve this we would require research to be carried out with: 1. Top 6 public universities. 2. Top 5 private universities. 3. Professional associations 4. Government 5. Private sector Suggested areas of research: †¢ Which foreign qualifications are known †¢ Which foreign qualifications are accepted †¢ Apart from subject knowledge what skills are essential and how are they currently assessed †¢ Reasons for acceptance/non-acceptance †¢ Number of students from English medium schools applying for places- at private universities (plus which ones) at public universities and overseas. Profile of students following professional/vocational exams – school medium attended (English/Bangla), reason for doing this rather university course. 5. 2 Methodolo gy After turning the idea into a research question and reviewing any necessary literature, the method of research must be considered. The methodology selected should be the one that will be the most effective to collect the data needed to answer the research question or to test the hypothesis. Research studies may be either quantitative or qualitative, although it is possible to use both approaches in the same research project and this has been used in this project on UK qualifications. The choice of research design must be appropriate to the subject under investigation (Patton,  1987).So it should be investigated that whether a research on education really admits the opportunity of blending two methodologies. 5. 2. 1 Criticism on Selection and Implementation of Quantitative Study In quantitative research the data collected takes the form of measurements or counts which can be statistically analysed. The process of quantitative research follows standard procedures, methods, forms of analysis and reporting the results of the research undertaken. This standardisation maximises objectivity. Quantitative methods can be used for comparison of subgroups and analysis is generally conducted through statistics. The method is based on meanings derived from numbers and results are numerical and standardised data.Quantitative methods use numbers and statistics. General sequence is as follows: 1. Observe/present questionnaire/ask questions with fixed answers 2. Tabulate 3. Summarise data 4. Analyse data 5. Draw conclusions Quantitative research designs are characterised by the assumption that human behaviour can be explained by what may be termed â€Å"social facts†, which can be investigated by methodologies that utilise â€Å"the deductive logic of the natural sciences† (Horna,  1994, p. 121). Quantitative investigations look for â€Å"distinguishing characteristics, elemental properties and empirical boundaries† (p. 121) and tend to measure â₠¬Å"how much†, or â€Å"how often† (Nau,  1995).They are appropriate to examine the behavioural component, such as attendance at class. So, it can be seen that quantitative methodologies do have strengths for becoming appropriate for educational research like this project on UK qualifications. These may be summarised as follows: †¢ Quantitative methodologies are appropriate to measure overt behaviour. †¢ They are also strong in measuring descriptive aspects, such as the composition of the students. †¢ Quantitative methodologies allow comparison and replication. †¢ Reliability and validity may be determined more objectively than qualitative techniques. These strengths however, are not the sole prerogative of quantitative designs.Indeed, many of the arguments for the use of quantitative research, especially in an academic climate where resources are limited, have pragmatic origins in terms of allowing large scale data collection and analysis at reason able cost and effort, as well as providing statistical â€Å"proof†. So this problem of large scale data collection could also be proved unwise in this situation. So this shows a negative opinion about the choice of quantitative methodology for this study. A further weakness of quantitative approaches lies in their tendencies to take a â€Å"snapshot† of a situation, that is to measure variables at a specific moment in time. Acceptance of UK may be affected by temporal changes, such as the current image of the country, or the quality of opposition (like USA, Australia), which cannot always be identified within a single quantitative study.According to Colon, Taylor, and Willis (2000) qualitative research emphasizes â€Å"participant observation† whereas quantitative methods rely on the â€Å"research instrument through which measurements are made† (p. 2). Weiler (2001) adds that if teachers want â€Å"deeper understandings of their students and their lear ning,† they will not be able to achieve this through quantitative research–they will need to be â€Å"intimately involved† in the process (p. 415). Qualitative research would provide this opportunity. As Labuschagne (2003) says, â€Å"qualitative data provide depth and detail through direct quotation and careful description of situations, events, interactions and observed behaviours† (p. 1) or what Jones (1997) describes as â€Å"empathetic understanding† (p. 3). Winter (2000) concurs that while â€Å"quantitative esearch limits itself to what can be measured or quantified,† qualitative research â€Å"attempts to ‘pick up the pieces’ of the unquantifiable, personal, in depth, descriptive and social aspects of the world† (p. 8). So now it looks like the decision for this project should be more inclined toward qualitative approach. 5. 2. 2 Criticism on Selection and Implementation of Qualitative Study (KII and IDI) Qualitati ve research offers insights and understandings of participants, which is unobtainable by quantitative research, but is more than just non-numerical research. It aims to study the subject in their natural surroundings and to collect naturally occurring, non-biased data. It describes in words, rather than numbers, the qualities of the subject through observation.Methods of qualitative research include structured and unstructured interviews, group interviews and focus groups. Qualitative methods can highlight key themes or patterns emerging in the project, are used to comprehend and manage data and used to develop and test hypotheses. Qualitative methods use descriptions and categories. General sequence here is as follows: 1. Observe/ask questions with open-ended answers 2. Record what is said and/or done 3. Interpret 4. Return to observe/ask more questions 5. (recurring cycles of 2-4 iteration) 6. Theorising 7. Draw conclusions Qualitative research designs are associated with interpre tative approaches, from the informants' emic point of view, rather than etically measuring discrete, observable behaviour.Qualitative methodologies are strong in those areas that have been identified as potential weaknesses within the quantitative approach, e. g. the use of interviews and observations to provide a deep, rather than broad, set of knowledge about a particular phenomenon, and the appropriateness to investigate cognitive and affective aspects of students. This depth allows the researcher to achieve â€Å"Verstehen†, or empathetic â€Å"understanding†. The concept of Verstehen is the basis for a critique of quantitative research designs, and their empiricist emphasis. The argument used is that quantitative methods measure human behaviour â€Å"from outside†, without accessing the meanings that individuals give to their measurable behaviour.If, as many authors have suggested, behavior of students contains psychological, as well as sociological dimensi ons, then the emphasis should rather be upon gaining an understanding of how the subjects themselves view their own particular situations. A qualitative research design allows these understandings to be investigated from the informant’s point of view. So the choice of qualitative research is very appropriate here. Both KII and IDI seem appropriate. The only problem that could be marked is the number of qualitative interviews for this particular study; it is about around 200, which is practically most difficult to make possible with effectiveness. Again accumulating such a high number of interview results to make a summary is also so difficult.But answer could be found on the real world practice to satisfy customer needs. 5. 2. 3 Criticism on FGD By focus group discussions, we refer to a group of 4-12 people brought together to participate in the discussion of an area of interest. Trained moderators run the discussions, and records are made of the course of the discussions. Fo cus groups, of course, are a popular (some even think too popular) method in marketing research (Nancarrow, Vir, & Barker, 2005), but they have had a role in serious social science research since the seminal work of R. K. Merton and P. Lazarsfeld (Hollander, 2004; Morgan, 1988). During the past decades, they have established their role in sociology and communications research.In recent years, they have also become increasingly popular in applied fields such as nursing research, urban and community studies, development studies, and educational research (e. g. , Barbour & Kitzinger, 2001; Gibbs, 1997). A distinctive feature of focus groups is that they create research data by generating social interaction. This is done by assembling a group of participants to discuss a specific topic and then observe how the ensuing discussion evolves (Boddy, 2005). The underlying assumption is that meaning is created in social interaction (e. g. , Wilkinson, 2001). Organized and focused group discuss ions provide a context for participants to articulate the meaning of their experiences and elaborate on them in a collective sensemaking process.Of course, focus groups are also used to obtain individual viewpoints; it is typical to instruct discussants that the aim is not to reach consensus, but to explore the different viewpoints that emerge. The method is popular in marketing research because it is a quick and easy way to gain a wealth of perspectives on a novel or relatively unexplored topic (Threlfall, 1999). By observing, recording, and analyzing the interaction in the group, researchers can also gain an understanding of how the participants approach the topic and what kind of language they use to frame the issues. Interaction also allows participants to pose questions to each other and to redefine their own views as the discussion evolves. The result of FGD depends sometimes largely on the skill of the moderator, which is a variable thing.In this study on awareness and accept ance of UK qualifications it may suffer to this problem due to time and budget constraints. 5. 2. 4 A Mixed-Methodology Approach to the Study Although the use of a single methodology has been advocated by a number of authors, many of the supporting arguments are decidedly pragmatic, such as time constraints, the need to limit the scope of a study, and the difficulty of publishing the findings (Creswell,  1994). Here in this study, only time constraint is the factor which could have been considered for a single methodology approach. Denzin and Lincoln (1994) write that â€Å"objective reality can never be captured† (p. 2).To assume that even with binocular vision one can â€Å"have† all the information, or even â€Å"know† what is true is a dangerous positivistic position. The rub between the two methodologies comes when we analyze the assumptions behind each one. These are clearly spelled out in detail by Denzin and Lincoln (1994, pp. 4-6) and can be summarize d as follows. The differences between quantitative and qualitative research is that the first is positivist, limiting, unable to capture the subjects' perspective, abstract, and based on flat descriptions. Qualitative research, the critics claim, tends to be unscientific and based on slipshod methodologies. It's proponents claim that it offers a

Yves Saint Laurent

After a thorough study of your company and a meticulous analysis the information you have given me, I have concluded that if Yves Saint Laurent changes from a differentiation strategy to a differentiation focus strategy, it is possible for YSL to double its profit within three years. The upsides of the change are a 150-percent increase in profit and strong brand awareness in a niche segment whose profile will be described in details hereafter. On the other hand, there are downside risks, including high possibility that Louis Vuitton, Tods and Bulgari will attempt to replicate YSL products since they are close to the targeted positioning as well (See Appendix A). The specific goals for YSL in the next 3 years include focusing on a specific segment of the fashion industry. YSL’s current operations and net sales of $145 million are small, compared to Gucci and even YSL Beaute but they make differentiation focus strategy a suitable and viable option. Furthermore, the prospect of targeting a niche market also arises from YSL’s prominent image as sophisticated sexy and European-chic. Hence, I recommend that YSL develops a focus on men and women who are â€Å"thirty and thriving†. These clienteles are those who are beautiful and sophisticated with a promising career. They are quite successful for their age and seem to â€Å"have, but still want it all† such as young successful entrepreneurs or middle-management investment bankers. The benefits of focusing on clientele who are in their 30s are the solidity of their earnings which will drive stable sales and their tendency toward elegance and departing from pure chic and hip. The other goals that coupled with a targeted niche segment are improving operating margin and sales. With the declining trend in royalties, I recommend that YSL should discount them and focus mainly on operating margin excluding royalties. The milestones are 20% in the 2004, 24% in 2008 and 28% in 2005 which will bring YSL’s operating margin to Vuitton’s vicinity. However, increasing volume in sales should increase as in well in order to gain a more critical mass. The milestones are set as followed: at least $200, 300 and $400 in the first, second and third year respectively. These targets will uniquely reposition YSL since it has a higher operating margin than Hermes and its sales target is much lower than Vuitton which signifies its exclusivity (See Appendix B). Product: There are two products offering options that I would consider: ready-to-wear clothes or leather bags. Both products are desirable in the chosen niche market. Louis Vuitton has a leather-dominant product mix while Hermes would be a more appropriate competitor for read-to-make apparel. It is important that YSL only choose one product on which it can focus because a diverse product mix when implement a differentiation-focus strategy runs a dilution risk. The durability of leather is an advantage with lower product line turnover than apparel. Bags are often viewed as more versatile as a fashionable statement compared to the constantly changing trends in apparel. However, the habit of buying clothes when new season comes around can drive higher sales. In the case that clothing is chosen, it is recommended that the sizes should range from 0-2 and the fit should enunciate our clienteles’ confident figures. These factors contribute to the exclusivity. Also, there are a lot of opportunities for synergies in production. YSL can have production in Italy with the help of Gucci’s excellent suppliers relationship and expertise as well as its own factories in Paris. Price: In order to meet the targeted sales of $400 million after 3 years, if each item is has a premium price of $3000, YSL is aiming to sell 134,000 items in 2005. It is a reasonable estimate considering that after the acquisition of Mendes, YSL will have the capacity to produce and sell at such volume. However, it is recommended that YSL open additional stores (See Place/Distribution Channel). When buying raw materials from suppliers, YSL and Gucci need to collaborate to ask for better discounts. YSL should also sell off any unnecessary factories bought from Mendes in France if it is more economical to produce in Italy with Gucci. Place/Distribution Channels: Gucci and YSl can also share facilities including warehouses in Italy and factories in France. Another recommendation is that YSL should purchase all its licensees, sever contracts with other distributors and wholesale businesses even if they are bringing in earnings. YSL needs an exclusive distribution channel to match the nature of its products. YSL should only sell its products through directly operated stores. YSL need to work with Gucci’s recent revamp team in order to change their store layouts to have a lounge ambience, fitting with the sophisticated 30s. YSL also needs to ask Gucci to pick 15 new locations in Italy for additional stores. There should only be stores in Italy and France to preserve the European charm which is a big part of its brand image and identity. It must close down the distributor in Japan so it can have a complete control over what the stores look like, how the sales representatives dress and behave. Another distribution channel that YSL should explore is the budding e-commerce culture but YSL should retain exclusivity by restricting access unless existing customers have a code authorized by YSL to log in. Promotion: â€Å"A luxurious brand for the most fortunately beautiful people on earth† The phrase should be the tagline for any YSL advertisement and a benchmark to assessing the brand performance. Also, it is important to reiterate the â€Å"fortunately beautiful† in marketing campaign as to reinforcing the exclusivity of the clientele and to anchoring the brand with such clientele. Even the buying experience is unique. It is a negotiation between the salesperson and the customers to determine each other’s fit. Salespeople should be told not to rush a sale and customers are encouraged to make multiple visits to the store before purchasing. In addition, if Gucci has Tom Ford, YSL needs to use Yves’s revered figure in marketing. An image of the young Yves will add to the mystique of the brand and a linkage to a rich history. I hope these recommendations are helpful and I am looking forward to working with you.

BUSINESS ENVIROMENT AND SOCIETY Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

BUSINESS ENVIROMENT AND SOCIETY - Essay Example This will enable students from different parts of the country perceive things in one perspective because language structure somehow establishes how we understand the world (Howson 1979, pg 165-171). A universal language in high schools is described as a tool which improves brain capacity and thinking ability of students. This is due to the factor that most cases it will lead to multi- linguistic aspects because the children will be in the know of their mother tongue and the language which they are taught in secondary school bringing to a total of two languages. Children who are raise bilingual have greater linguistic capacity than those brought up in monolingual way (Gode 1951,pg 20-50) . Some recommendations could be made concerning the entire universal secondary language. This may help to solve this siege which has confused many people making them be at loggerheads for a long period of time. Firstly schools should agree about the usage if common language so that students can be holding discussions ,contests and taking common exams to make education competitive. Secondly, school books should be written in a common language so that all students can access the books in any bookshop or borrow from other schools this will be of great importance. This is because it will ease the education system and ensure that the elites are the cream of intelligence with almost the same linguistic contemporary experience. Furthermore, teachers should be encouraged to attend seminars and workshops so as to be taught on the importance of a common language (Allen & Widdowson 1974,pg

Answer questions from provided book and information Research Paper

Answer questions from provided book and information - Research Paper Example analyses, identifying the firm’s competitive advantage, designing a competitive strategy, and designing an organizational structure that fits the strategy (Spulber, 2009). The strategy process in Scenario 1 could change in terms of it being a new entrant as an entrepreneurial set-up; as contrasted with Scenario 2 where the firm manifests a rapidly growing trend. As such, goal setting is still the paramount concern for Scenario 1 while it could be deduced that under Scenario 2, the new head of a division, previously set goals are assumed to be clearly set and the relevant steps to consider in strategy management are steps 2 to 5 to determine whether there is a need to revise or redesign competitive strategy in view of changing external factors and internal resources. As a manager, goal setting must be designed in a most appropriate and effective manner which integrates the abilities of the organization with the opportunities posed in the market. As such, there should be an overall organizational goal that is clearly designed and communicated; not a series of different types of goals which could confuse stakeholders in determining which to achieve. The process of external and internal analyses for Scenario 1 and Scenario 2 would be different; since Scenario 1 is a start-up corporation with no historical information regarding external factors that impact its operations; nor any internal resources yet that define the organization’s strengths or weaknesses. For Scenario 2, historical information abounds and therefore, the extent and comprehensiveness of external and internal analyses would be greater and more challenging. Again, for the analysis of competitive advantage and competitive strategy, the two companies would differ in terms of availability of historical information. For Scenario 1, the company is still in the goal setting stage and therefore identification of its competitive advantage and strategy would be premised on what it perceives it could do to

External Auditors and Fraud Examiners Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

External Auditors and Fraud Examiners - Essay Example This paper illustrates that an external auditor is so called as to distinguish him from an internal auditor who is an in-house professional. While the internal auditor is a paid employee of the entity, the external auditor is an independent professional engaged by the entity for a fee and as required by Companies Act.   To be more specific, an external auditor gives his opinion as to whether financial statements are materially correct. He is deemed independent as he has no special relationship and pecuniary interest in the client that might possibly encourage him to ignore adverse facts and evidence of the client the auditor evaluates. Thus, to be independent, the auditor cannot both work under the client as well as act as the client’s external auditor. The external auditor also carries out compliance, operational and forensic audits. Forensic auditing is a special purpose audit to unearth financial frauds and other crimes. Forensic as its meaning (i.e. of the law) suggests, forensic auditors, detect information for being used as litigation support. If the forensic auditor is a CA or CPA, his evidence at trial would lend more credibility although it is not mandatory for a forensic auditor to have a CPA license in the U.S. The external auditor in the process of his auditing activity concludes whether the assertions made in the financial statements are true and fair. The assertions are in the nature of how the business is conducted that is how its business generates income and spends it, how it manages its inventory, how it records information about its property, plant, equipment, its long-term liabilities, equity, cash, and investments. Although forensic auditing and fraud examining are interchangeably used, both are different disciplines. While forensic accounting involves the application of professional accounting skills in a civil or criminal litigation. Thus, most of the fraud examinations are part of forensic accounting, but every forensic accostin g is a fraud examination. For example, an expert may be said to be engaged in forensic accounting while the furnishing value of a property to the court which need not involve any fraud unlike in the case of fraud examination.

The romaticicm in Framkistein Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The romaticicm in Framkistein - Essay Example Significantly, a profound exploration of the overriding themes, the plot, the characters, etc of Frankenstein: The Modern Prometheus confirms that many of the main ideas behind the literary movement of Romanticism can be seen in the novel. Thus, the themes such as the significance of nature, childhood, beautiful vs. sublime, revolt, etc reveal the basic Romantic ideals of the period. As Anneli Elsa?er purports, â€Å"In Frankenstein Mary Shelley contrasts beauty and serenity of nature to the destroying powers that can be released when meddling with scientific progress. Her themes fit well into the ideas of the Romantic poets; she understands the state of childhood and also focuses on nature as counterpart to the progress and destruction of Industrialism and progress.† (Elsa?er, 2) Although the dark motifs of Frankenstein may not seem to conform to the brighter tones and subjects of the poems of the romantic poets such as Percy Bysshe Shelley, William Wordsworth, and Samuel Tay lor Coleridge, Mary Shelley was deeply influenced by the romantics. Therefore, this paper makes a comprehensive analysis of Shelley’s Frankenstein, novel by highlighting the Romantic elements in the work, in order to establish that this novel is a prime example of a Romantic novel. In a comprehensive appraisal of the major themes of Shelley’s Frankenstein, it becomes evident that the focal point of the novel is nature, which is a favorite theme of every Romantic poet. Whereas nature offers comfort and assistance to characters such as Walton and Victor in the novel, the theme of nature is closely connected to the underlying message of the novel: one should not attempt to conquer nature, but should try to embrace and harmonize with it. In fact, the novelist presents nature as a source of solace to almost all the characters in the novel, most markedly to Victor and his monster. Thus, the novelist presents the monster as a lover of nature, and he has various connections to Romanticism. However, the monster is mocked by the nature when he is transformed into an anti-romantic, and it is evident from this character’s own words: â€Å"Nature decayed around me, and the sun became heatless; rain and snow poured around me; mighty rivers were frozen; the surface of the earth was hard and chill and bare, and I found no shelter. Oh, earth! how often did I imprecate currents on the cause of my being! The mildness of my nature had fled, and all within me turned to gall and bitterness.† (Shelley, 110) Significantly, every Romantic poet focused on the soothing spirit of nature in their poems and Shelley’s Frankenstein reveals the soothing spirit of the nature through the characters such as Walton, Victor and his monster. Victor Franklin is a character who has experienced the soothing influence of the natural beauty tremendously in the novel, and it is evident that nature has shown the power to lift his spits again, whenever he feels the dark m ood within himself. â€Å"When happy, inanimate nature had the power of bestowing on me the most delightful sensations. A serene sky and verdant fields filled me with ecstasy.† (Shelley, 55) It is important to recognize that Mary Shelley frequently uses images of nature all

Psychology in Practice Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Psychology in Practice - Essay Example Others have mentioned the idea of similarity and relatedness, indicating that a person is more likely to help another based on a genetic appraisal of the situation and the desire to help those of his or her specific gene pool. Another prosocial idea is that persons behave according to the theory of reciprocal altruism, in which persons help others in the expectation of receiving something in return. Persons might also help others when faced with guilt or the need to repay a good deed that was previously done to them. This is known as guilt or reparative altruism (Wetering). On the other hand, situations exist in which persons might not be inclined to help. Situations of moralistic aggression may arise, in which people feel that others are taking advantage of their altruistic tendencies, and in such cases they might not be inclined to help. Such is often the case in larger cities where cheaters are apt to exist. Subtle cheating and mimicry abound, through which people might pretend to be in distress in order to elicit altruistic behaviour. Such situations are likely to cause moralistic aggression to arise in persons as a protective mechanism (Wetering). The social setting also determines the type of behaviour one can expect from a person. According to the Darley and Latanà © study done in 1968, a person is more likely to help another if he or she is the only available helper in the situation. This theory is akin to others concerning crowds. Areas that are crowded or busy tend to contain people who are less likely to help in a dire situation. This might be due to their being in a hurry or it might hinge on the idea that crowds or busier areas are more likely to contain opportunistic persons. In such cases patterns might also obtain so that despite such variables as cultural or societal norms, in a crowd, the bystander

Immigration and education- Research report Assignment

Immigration and education- Research report - Assignment Example ounding issues of immigration in United States of America One main issue that has been able to raise question across political divide and all other realm is the issue of education. Mostly, the concern that revolves around this issue is whether the immigration process is usually legal or illegal. Study has revealed that the largest numbers of immigrants usually come from Mexico; this group of immigrants always come in United States and lives in States that are close to their borders such as California, Arizona, New Mexico as well as Texas. However, studies have also indicated that other States such as Oregon, Nevada, Utah, Colorado, and Louisiana have also constantly received immigrants. This raises the question of why this trend has constantly increased. A group member has also tried to explain several reasons as to why this trend of immigrant increasingly continues. Some arguments have suggested that United States a big economy and therefore attracts a number of people all over the world. This desire to be part of United State has also resulted into different types of immigrants, where it is now evident that both legal and illegal immigrant get into the country in equal number. The issue of immigrant has resulted into the country having a number of categories of people who would like to make propositions on the matter of immigration and education. One of the categories that have been developed includes the views of the liberals and the conservatives. The liberals and the conservatives have confronted this matter of immigration and education in different ways. The liberals view the issue of immigration to be liberalized so that people can be regulated. The main argument by the liberalist is founded on the fact that United States is already overpopulated and can no longer sustain any additional immigration. As pointed in one of the papers, onservatives however have tried to approach the issue of immigration and education through a different process of the 2010

Personal Managerial Effectiveness - Assignments Essay

Personal Managerial Effectiveness - Assignments - Essay Example urring of boundaries between nations, immigration reforms and the likes, there is a sudden influx of socio-culturally diverse population in the UK, resulting in a highly diverse workplace (Allard, 2002). These changes in the demographic profile of the country have played a key role in the increased significance of workplace diversity and the need for reforms in workplace related laws. Globalization has opened the gates for firms to compete on a global scale. Organizations today are, hence, not only competing on a local or national level but on a much wider global platform. The markets and the demography of a typical consumer have also changed simultaneously. Hence it is imperative for organizations to ensure increased awareness about the need and significance of workplace diversity (Deborah & Smith, 2003). Positive work environment is one of the most coveted aspects of a workplace that promises to foster harmonious working relationships among the employees and greater individual dignity. Considering the benefits offered by a positive and diverse workplace, organisations today are embracing the concept and reaping the benefits offered by a skilled workforce, hired purely on the basis of talent and skills rather than socio-cultural factors. This report on workplace diversity aims to discuss, analyse and explore the concept of workplace diversity, its application, benefits and implications within workplaces in the UK, and the recommendations for improving workplace diversity. The term diversity with regard to workplace refers to differences among employees with regard to a range of factors including age, gender, race, ethnicity, sexual orientation, and /or disability. It is also used with regard to acceptance and respect for the individual differences (Hankin, 2005: p. 67). Daft (2007) defines workplace diversity as "a workforce made of people with different human qualities or who belong to various cultural groups". It is also defined as "differences among people